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Articles


Fasten your Seatbelts
as we Prepare for our Nude Descending

by Edward D. Powers



With his interest in incandescent lights came also
a fascination with headlights. -- Bruno Bettelheim
(72)

Moonlight Becomes You

The lost weekend Duchamp shares with Apollinaire and Picabia, visiting Gabrielle Buffet-Picabia and her mother, is nevertheless survived by two important documents: Apollinaire's 1912 "Zone", named after the region in the Jura mountains they were visiting, and Duchamp's "La Route Jura-Paris", also from that year, named after the road they took to get there. Having only just harrowed every driver's hell--mountain passes in a torrential storm--Duchamp memorializes the headlights, which he surely confronted on the road that stormy trip, as the "headlight / lighthouse child" ["enfant-phare"], who is indeed the principal protagonist in "La Route Jura-Paris" (DDS 41-42; WMD 26-27).(73) Throughout the text, Duchamp even imparts a telling specificity to the oncoming direction of these headlights in particular. Yet the automotive near-collision he stages is not only personified, but also its protagonists, rather more surprisingly, are nude. "To one side", as Duchamp explains in "La Route Jura-Paris", the "leader of the five nudes" is "in front of" the others, "towards" the road and, himself, a sort of "terminus". "To the other side", also a sort of "terminus", etc., the "headlight / lighthouse child" confronts the "leader of the five nudes" (DDS 41-42; WMD 26-27).

A lighthouse is not itself without sexual suggestion, as Breton's important article on Duchamp specifically emphasizes, "Lighthouse of the Bride" (1935),(74) by otherwise inexplicably attributing the lighthouse to the "Bride", just as Duchamp's Etant Donnés nude is famously possessed of a beacon-like lamp she also holds aloft. Nor do Duchamp's light sources, any more than Zeus' mighty thunderbolt, or his golden-shower visitation of Danaë, leave much to the imagination. As Duchamp explains in his instruction manual for installing Etant Donnés, "the spotlight should fall vertically, exactly, on the cunt".(75) Yet, in exactly this sense, the "headlight / lighthouse child", as it turns out, is also a "comet", one which, precisely reversing the natural order of things, instead leads with its fiery tail ["sa queue en avant"] (DDS 42; WMD 26). As such, Duchamp's conflation of the headlight / lighthouse / tail-leading comet doubly emulates Marey's foil-leading fencers. For not only do comet and fencer each lead with the "tool" ["queue"] of his trade, but also the tip of that tool--not unlike the fiery spear of Saint Theresa's "ecstasy", or the bizarrely protuberant, glowing finger of E.T. --is, in both cases, brightly illuminated.(76)

click to enlarge
Figure 42
Marcel Duchamp, Once More to This Star, 1911
Like a moth to a flame, all these various figurations of headlights, lighthouses and lamps, as well as the light-tipped "tools" wielded by Duchamp's comet and Marey's fencers alike, exercise a similar force of attraction, especially, on the comings and goings of nudes in particular. Thus, in Duchamp's "La Route Jura-Paris", the headlight / lighthouse / tail-leading comet all but beats a path to the "leader of the five nudes"; similarly, in Duchamp's first stab at The Bride Stripped Bare By The Bachelors, the "phallic barbs" of the "Bachelors"--based on the light-tipped parry!-thrust! of Marey's fencers--both surround and take aim at the nude "Bride"; and, no differently, the second Nude, as it turns out, is exactly the reverse of another nude of just the prior year--this one, however, ascending a staircase: Encore à cet astre [Again to This Star] (1911) (Fig. 42). Duchamp even nicknames the drawing "Nude Ascending A Staircase", and explains that it "represented a nude going up the stairs, and it is... the original idea in reverse of the 'Nude Descending'".(77) As in "La Route Jura-Paris", therefore, we again have two nudes whose direction relative to each other--whether nearly colliding on a road, or crossing paths on a staircase--is specifically mediated by a source of light. Moreover, exactly as Duchamp reverses the direction of the tail in relation to a comet, he reverses the ascending nude into a descending nude in relation to a "star". Yet the "star" to which the one nude ascends, the other nude, according to Duchamp's logic, already is--or at least possesses. For the descending Nude need not ascend "to this star", because its "Le Pendu Femelle" is that fully phallic--light-tipped foil-wielding, headlight / lighthouse "Bride"-beaconing, tailing-leading comet-shooting--"star".(78)

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Figure 43
Marcel Duchamp, Hanging Gas Lamp (Bec Auer), 1903-4
Figure 44
Marcel Duchamp, Apolinère Enameled, 1917/65
For an artist so fundamentally concerned with the two primary conditions of representation--"sol" and "soleil": ground and light--that he ubiquitously invaginates the space of the former, and phallicizes the light of the latter, it is perhaps unsurprising that, just like the figure-ground problem, a lamp--the "Bec Auer" --should also illuminate Duchamp's entire career: from the first drawing he makes of it (1903-04) (Fig. 43), just before finishing lycée and moving to Paris, to the very thing itself which the Etant Donnés nude holds aloft in the last decades of his career. Although one could argue that the light-tipped phallic body of Duchamp's first drawing of the lamp, together with the vaginal hood it "penetrates", pretty much tells the entire story, I would like, instead, to approach the "Bec Auer" obliquely, as inflected by Apolinère Enameled (1917) (Fig. 44). Once a signboard for Sapolin Enamel, the advertising copy of Apolinère Enameled would have originally read: "Manufactured by / Gerstendorfer Bros." By eliminating the letter "M", then eliminating the first letter following each English word so formed (or nearly so formed), Duchamp transforms the first line of the text from "Manufactured By" into "M anu f act u red By": that is, into "An[y] Act Red By". As with his Ready-mades more generally, "Manufactured" thus becomes a question of "Any Act": not of making, but rather of choosing the Ready-mades, of which Apolinère Enameled is one of the "assisted" variety. In a Nominalist dream come true, "Red" even conflates the (read) text / (red) image dialectic always at issue in Duchamp's works anyway: "the difference between speaking about red and looking at red" (DDS 118 (n. 1); WMD 83), as the artist observes.(79)

Suddenly, however, the rules change, and what would have originally read "Ger s ten d or fer Bros."--and, therefore, should read "[H]er Ten Or Fer Bros."--instead reads "[H]er Ten Or [Epergne]". Never more appropriately, "Or" is indeed the turning point, between old rules "or" new ones, as between what should read "Fer Bros.", but does read "Epergne". As a Duchamp-style bilingualism, an untranslated "Fer" [Iron], plus a translated "Bros." ["Frères"], would have yielded the eminently conceptual, metallurgical-as-metalogical concern: "Fer Frères et cie."(80) Like a gaggle of geese, or a pride of lions, an "Epergne" is exactly this: a "fraternity" of phallic-metallic candlesticks ["Fer Frères"] which, surrounding a large central dish, can be used as a centerpiece. But if "Or" constitutes a full stop in the flow of the text, pronounced "Au-Er" in French, it also refers to Duchamp's beloved-of-youth (Bec) "Auer" lamp. In addition to the sconce which is clearly observable on the rear wall of Apolinère Enameled, we therefore have an "Auer" lamp in the text, which itself presents a choice between two further lighting fixtures: "Fer Bros." and "Epergne".

If, however, these various lighting fixtures are the prick, where, as Duchamp says ["où il y a Chaliapine"], is the pussy? It is "mirrorically returned", right where we should expect to find it, in the mirror which, beside the sconce, is also set against the rear wall of Apolinère Enameled. Insofar as "mirrorical return" constitutes a process of sexual involution (e.g. her urinal becomes his faucet, or her trough becomes his peak), we should expect the "spectacular" presence of the sconce to "mirrorically return" as a spectacular absence. In other words, as a multi-phallic figuration of his sex, expressly included within the picture, the sconce should "mirrorically return" not only in an inverted form (as a unitary, concave figuration of her sex) but also, paradoxically, as an absence (as something implied by, but no longer expressly included within the picture). No differently, what the "Epergne" adds (textually) that the sconce does not contain (visually), a large central dish, we should likewise expect to "mirrorically return" in the mirror.

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Figure 45
Marcel Duchamp, Paysage Fautif, 1946
This is exactly what the hair--which Duchamp, seemingly gratuitously, sketches in the mirror--as a Freudian fetish accomplishes.(81) As a fetishistic disavowal of sexual difference, the hair dissembles the absence of her "candlestick" (which is not a young woman's and, therefore, cannot be in the mirror), by concealing the presence of her "dish" (which is a young woman's, yet is hidden behind the hair in the mirror), just as the Bottlerack in some sense both begs, yet dissembles its bottles. Both the absence of her candlestick and, conversely, the presence of her dish are likewise disavowed. The spectacular candlestick "mirrorically returns" as an unspectacular dish--it invaginates in the mirror, even as the dish it becomes is hidden by the hair--and, I suppose, all run away with the spoon. No differently, really, if what separates Duchamp's Virgin from his Bride is, as de Duve argues, the difference of an "I"--of a "vierge" [virgin] ineffably changed by a "verge" [penis] --perhaps this is also to say that a "mariée" [bride] is consummated by a "marée" [swelling tide], and that her "passage" is a sort of "pa[i]ssage" ["paysage" = landscape]. In this case, we would have exactly what we do have in Duchamp's semen on astralon Paysage Fautif [Harem-Scarum Landscape(82) ] (1946) (Fig. 45): for once, the artist inseminating the ground, rather than invaginating it.

 

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Notes

72. Bettelheim, The Empty Fortress, p. 317.

73. Duchamp's "car-as-driver" analogy also informs the Large Glass, which he describes as "un monde en jaune" = "un monde engin": "a world engine" (DDS 66; cf. WMD 44).

74. André Breton, "Lighthouse of the Bride" (1935), in Surrealism and Painting, trans. Simon Taylor (London: MacDonald, 1972) 85-99.

75. Marcel Duchamp, Manual of Instructions for Marcel Duchamp, "Etant Donnés" (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1987) 20 (my translation). On Duchamp's similarly phallic use of light in the Arcane 17 window installation, see Charles Stuckey, "Duchamp's Acephalic Symbolism", Art in America, vol. 65, no. 1 (Jan.-Feb. 1977): 96.

76. In order to produce his time-lapse imagery of "phallic barbs", Marey thus rigged his foiling-leading fencers with "tiny electric bulbs" or, at times, with reflective "metal buttons". See Marta Braun, Picturing Time: The Work of Etienne-Jules Marey, 1830-1904 (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1992) 100 ff, 287-91; François Dagognet, Etienne-Jules Marey: A Passion for the Trace, trans. Robert Galeta, Jeanine Herman (N.Y.: Zone Books, 1992) 149-50.

77. Duchamp, Cabanne, Dialogues with Marcel Duchamp, p. 46 (my emphasis).

78. See Lawrence Steefel, "Marcel Duchamp's Encore à cet astre: A New Look", Art Journal, vol. 36, no. 1 (Fall 1976): 23-30, where he discusses the possible gender(s) of the nude(s) on the staircase. See also Bradley Bailey, "Once More to this Staircase: Another Look at Encore à cet Astre", Tout-Fait: The Marcel Duchamp Studies Online Journal, vol. 2, no. 4 (January 2002) Articles <http://www.toutfait.com/issues/volume2/issue_4/articles/bailey/bailey1.html>.

79. See de Duve, Pictorial Nominalism, pp. 119-42.

80. We can similarly translate Duchamp's Pharmacie (1914) as "Phare, ma cie."

81. See Freud, "Fetishism", pp. 152-57.

82. Needless to say, I've taken a few liberties with my translation, combining "fautif" [faulty: harum-scarum] and "faux tifs" [false body hair: body hair which a harem paradigmatically lacks].

 

Figs. 42-45
©2003 Succession Marcel Duchamp, ARS, N.Y./ADAGP, Paris. All rights reserved.